How do TCP SYN attacks advantage of TCP to prevent new connections from being established to a host under attack?

How do TCP SYN attacks advantage of TCP to prevent new connections from being established to a host under attack?

A.
sending multiple FIN segments, forcing TCP connection release

B.
filling up a host listen queue by failing to ACK partially opened TCP connections

C.
taking advantage of the host transmit backoff algorithm by sending jam signals to the host

D.
incrementing the ISN of each segment by a random number, causing constant TCP retransmissions

E.
sending TCP RST segments in response to connection SYN+ACK segments, forcing SYN retransmissions