Drag the items from the left that are part of a secure network lifecycle and drop them in the spaces on the right.

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This convergence results in an ideal framework and context to create a lifecycle approach to information security.

Secure Network Life Cycle

By framing security within the context of IT governance, compliance, and risk management, and by building it with a sound security architecture at its core, the result is usually a less expensive and more effective process. Including security early in the information process within the system design life cycle (SDLC) usually results in less-expensive and more-effective security when compared to adding it to an operational system.

A general SDLC includes five phases:

Initiation
Acquisition and development
Implementation
Operations and maintenance
Disposition
Each of these five phases includes a minimum set of security steps that you need to follow to effectively incorporate security into a system during its development. An organization either uses the general SDLC or develops a tailored SDLC that meets its specific needs. In either case, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) recommends that organizations incorporate the associated IT security steps of this general SDLC into their development process.

Initiation Phase

The initiation phase of the SDLC includes the following:

Security categorization: This step defines three levels (low, moderate, and high) of potential impact on organizations or individuals should a breach of security occur (a loss of confidentiality, integrity, or availability). Security categorization standards help organizations make the appropriate selection of security controls for their information systems.
Preliminary risk assessment: This step results in an initial description of the basic security needs of the system. A preliminary risk assessment should define the threat environment in which the system will operate.
Acquisition and Development Phase

The acquisition and development phase of the SDLC includes the following:

Risk assessment: This step is an analysis that identifies the protection requirements for the system through a formal risk-assessment process. This analysis builds on the initial risk assessment that was performed during the initiation phase, but is more in depth and specific.
Security functional requirements analysis: This step is an analysis of requirements and can include the following components: system security environment, such as the enterprise information security policy and enterprise security architecture, and security functional requirements.
Security assurance requirements analysis: This step is an analysis of the requirements that address the developmental activities required and the assurance evidence needed to produce the desired level of confidence that the information security will work correctly and effectively. The analysis, based on legal and functional security requirements, is used as the basis for determining how much and what kinds of assurance are required.
Cost considerations and reporting: This step determines how much of the development cost you can attribute to information security over the life cycle of the system. These costs include hardware, software, personnel, and training.
Security planning: This step ensures that you fully document any agreed upon security controls, whether they are just planned or in place. The security plan also provides a complete characterization or description of the information system and attachments of or references to key documents that support the information security program of the agency. Examples of documents that support the information security program include a configuration management plan, a contingency plan, an incident response plan, a security awareness and training plan, rules of behavior, a risk assessment, a security test and evaluation results, system interconnection agreements, security authorizations and accreditations, and a plan of action and milestones.
Security control development: This step ensures that the security controls that the respective security plans describe are designed, developed, and implemented. The security plans for information systems that are currently in operation may call for the development of additional security controls to supplement the controls that are already in place or the modification of selected controls that are deemed less than effective.
Developmental security test and evaluation: This step ensures that security controls that you develop for a new information system are working properly and are effective. Some types of security controls, primarily those controls of a nontechnical nature, cannot be tested and evaluated until the information system is deployed. These controls are typically management and operational controls.
Other planning components: This step ensures that you consider all the necessary components of the development process when you incorporate security into the network life cycle. These components include the selection of the appropriate contract type, the participation by all the necessary functional groups within an organization, the participation by the certifier and accreditor, and the development and execution of the necessary contracting plans and processes.
Implementation Phase

The implementation phase of the SDLC includes the following:

Inspection and acceptance: This step ensures that the organization validates and verifies that the functionality that the specification describes is included in the deliverables.
System integration: This step ensures that the system is integrated at the operational site where you will deploy the information system for operation. You enable the security control settings and switches in accordance with the vendor instructions and the available security implementation guidance.
Security certification: This step ensures that you effectively implement the controls through established verification techniques and procedures. This step gives organization officials confidence that the appropriate safeguards and countermeasures are in place to protect the information system of the organization. Security certification also uncovers and describes the known vulnerabilities in the information system.
Security accreditation: This step provides the necessary security authorization of an information system to process, store, or transmit information that is required. This authorization is granted by a senior organization official and is based on the verified effectiveness of security controls to some agreed upon level of assurance and an identified residual risk to agency assets or operations.
Operations and Maintenance Phase

The operations and maintenance phase of the SDLC includes the following:

Configuration management and control: This step ensures that there is adequate consideration of the potential security impacts due to specific changes to an information system or its surrounding environment. Configuration management and configuration control procedures are critical to establishing an initial baseline of hardware, software, and firmware components for the information system and subsequently controlling and maintaining an accurate inventory of any changes to the system.
Continuous monitoring: This step ensures that controls continue to be effective in their application through periodic testing and evaluation. Security control monitoring, such as verifying the continued effectiveness of those controls over time, and reporting the security status of the information system to appropriate agency officials are essential activities of a comprehensive information security program.
Disposition Phase

The disposition phase of the SDLC includes the following:

Information preservation: This step ensures that you retain information, as necessary, to conform to current legal requirements and to accommodate future technology changes that can render the retrieval method of the information obsolete.
Media sanitization: This step ensures that you delete, erase, and write over data as necessary.
Hardware and software disposal: This step ensures that you dispose of hardware and software as directed by the information system security officer.