Which of the following types of authorization could be utilized to trigger write access for Joe when Ann is absent?

Ann has read and write access to an employee database, while Joe has only read access. Ann is
leaving for a conference.
Which of the following types of authorization could be utilized to trigger write access for Joe when
Ann is absent?

A.
Mandatory access control

B.
Role-based access control

C.
Discretionary access control

D.
Rule-based access control