Which of the following statements about IKE Encryption are TRUE?

Which of the following statements about IKE Encryption are TRUE? (Choose three)

A.
The final packet size is increased after it is encrypted.

B.
TCP and IP headers are encrypted, along with the payload.

C.
IKE uses in-place encryption.

D.
IKE can use the FWZ1 encryption algorithm.

E.
IKE uses tunneling encryption.

Explanation:

IKE Encryption Scheme
A long time ago (about four years in real time), Check Point supported
many different encryption schemes: Manual IPSec, Simple Key Management
for Internet Protocols (SKIP), FWZ (Check Point’s own proprietary scheme),
and Internet Key Exchange (IKE). As the industry began to settle on a standard
and it became apparent that different vendors’ VPN products needed to
work together, the schemes were whittled down to only one: IKE.
IKE is a hybrid protocol that combines the Internet Security Association
and Key Management Protocol ( ISAKMP ) and the Oakley Key Exchange
Protocol . ISAKMP is responsible for the generation and maintenance of
Security Associations, and Oakley is responsible for key exchanges. Both
ISAKMP/Oakley and IKE are described in the IETF standard for encryption
using the IP Security Protocol (IPSec). (The terms IKE and IPSec are frequently
used interchangeably.)
You can find more on IPSec and its related protocols in RFCs 2401-2411 and 2451.
IPSec provides the access control, integrity of the packet, authentication,
rejection of replayed packets, encryption, and non-repudiation (there’s that
PAIN acronym coming into play). IPSec does so by using the protocols
Authentication Header (AH) and Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP). Each
protocol-IPSec, AH, and ESP-is incorporated into its own header in the
IPSec packet. IKE is also a tunneling protocol, which means it encrypts the
entire original packet and adds new headers to the encrypted packet.

Tunneling encrypts the entire original packet and adds new headers, which
increases packet size and the likelihood of packet fragmentation. In-place
encryption was Check Point’s proprietary FWZ scheme supported in versions
before FP2. It only encrypted the payload, and left the headers alone; therefore
packet size did not increase. Although FWZ is no longer supported as of
FP2, this information could still be used for a valid NG test question.
The new IP header uses the IPSec protocol and replaces the true source
and destination of the packet (which are now encrypted) with the source and
destination IP addresses of the firewalls involved in the VPN tunnel.
The AH header provides data integrity and authentication by using a message
digest (instead of a digital signature, which is too slow for this process) and a
Security Parameters Index (SPI). The SPI is like a pointer that tells your VPN
partner which methods were selected for this VPN session. The SPI references
the Security Association (SA), which was negotiated by the VPN participants.
A good analogy to describe the SA is a large spreadsheet that contains all the
possible combinations for key exchange, encryption, data integrity, and so
forth that could be used for this connection. The SPI is the pointer that tells
each partner which parts of the spreadsheet will be used for this specific tunnel.
The ESP header provides confidentiality as well as authentication. It gives
a reference to the SPI as well as an Initialization Vector (IV), which is another
data integrity check.
IKE supports a variety of different encryption algorithms, but VPN-1
supports only DES, Triple-DES, CAST, and AES.

For a more detailed explanation of encryption, IPSec, and cryptography, we
recommend Applied Cryptography (John Wiley & Sons, 1995), RSA Security’s
Official Guide to Cryptography (McGraw-Hill, 2001) and IPSec Securing VPNs
(McGraw-Hill Osborne Media, 2001).
Encryption is not an easy topic to grasp, especially in an abbreviated format
within a study guide. But this background information is essential before we
go into detail about how IKE negotiates keys and eventually encrypts data.
Let’s forge ahead and tackle the IKE phases of key negotiation.